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June, 2007
Refereed Papers
Huang, Z. & Lees, B. G.
(2007)
Assessing a Single Classification Accuracy Measure to Deal With the
Imprecision of Location and Class: Fuzzy Weighted Kappa Versus
Kappa,
Journal of Spatial Science, Vol. 52, No. 1.
Miliaresis,
G. C.
(2007) An
Upland
Object Based Modelling of the Vertical Accuracy of the SRTM-1
Elevation Dataset,
Journal of Spatial Science, Vol. 52, No. 1.
Park, M. M. &
Williamson, I. P.
(2007) Writ on Water: Closing the Traverse in the Tri‑State Area
of New
South Wales, South Australia, and Victoria,
Journal of Spatial Science, Vol. 52, No. 1.
Janssen, V. (2007) Volcano Deformation Monitoring Using GPS,
Journal of Spatial Science, Vol. 52, No. 1.
Abidin, H. Z., Andreas, H., Gamal, M., Sadarviana, V., Darmawan, D.,
Surono, Hendrasto, M. & Suganda, O. K.
(2007) Studying Landslide Displacements in the Ciloto Area
(Indonesia) Using GPS Surveys,
Journal of Spatial Science, Vol. 52, No. 1.
Special Feature – Coastal GIS
Refereed Papers
Yamano, H.
(2007) The Use
of Multi-Temporal Satellite Images to Estimate Intertidal Reef-Flat
Topography, Journal of Spatial Science, Vol. 52, No. 1.
Lucieer, V. L.
(2007)
The Application of Automated Segmentation Methods and Fragmentation
Statistics to Characterise Rocky Reef Habitat,
Journal of Spatial Science, Vol. 52, No. 1.
Ierodiaconou,
D., Laurenson, L. Burq, S. & Reston, M.
(2007) Marine Benthic Habitat Mapping Using Multibeam Data,
Georeferenced Video and Image Classification Techniques in Victoria,
Australia. Journal of Spatial Science, Vol. 52, No. 1.
Mount, R. E.
(2007) Rapid Monitoring of Extent And Condition of Seagrass
Habitats
With Aerial Photography “Mega-Quadrats”, Journal of Spatial
Science, Vol. 52, No. 1.
Special Feature – Coastal GIS
Professional Papers
Smith, K.
D. & Cox, G. J.
(2007) Improving Hydrographic Information - Zones of Confidence (ZOC)
for New Zealand,
Journal of Spatial Science, Vol. 52, No. 1.
Coffey, J., Beard, D. J. & Ryan D. A.
(2007) Visualising Coastal Seabed Characteristics: Using Vrml
Models to Present Three Dimensional Spatial Data Via The Web,
Journal of Spatial Science, Vol. 52, No. 1.
Professional Papers
Von Hagen, C. (2007)
Towards a Spatial Data Infrastructure for Somalia using Open Source
standards,
Journal of Spatial Science, Vol. 52, No. 1.
Kazemi, S. & Lim, S.
(2007) Deriving Multi-Scale GEODATA from
TOPO-250K Road
Network Data,
Journal of Spatial Science, Vol. 52, No. 1.
Filmer, M. & Sandford, G.
(2007) An Investigation into the Displacement of Permanent Survey
Marks in the Hillcrest Area Resulting from Reactive Soils,
Journal of Spatial Science,
Vol. 52, No. 1.
Abstracts
Refereed Paper
Assessing a Single
Classification
Accuracy Measure to Deal With the Imprecision of Location and Class:
Fuzzy Weighted Kappa Versus Kappa
Z.
Huang
Department of The Environment and Heritage
John Gorton Building
Parkes, ACT 2600
Australia
B.G.
Lees
School of Physical, Environmental & Mathematical Sciences
University of New South Wales
-
Australian Defence Force Academy
Canberra, ACT, 2600
Australia
B.Lees@adfa.edu.au
Abstract
Standard accuracy
assessment in raster modelling assumes that desirable classes are
exhaustively exclusive, location error either does not exist or does
not affect classification, and classification results are crisp, not
fuzzy. Failing to take these into account leads to propagation of
the error. This paper introduces a fuzzy weighted Kappa measure as a
global statistic which takes both of these sources of uncertainty
into account in classification accuracy assessment. Calculation of
the fuzzy weighted Kappa measure involves three processes. First, a
virtual confusion matrix is constructed to incorporate the fuzziness
of location. Then a similarity weight matrix is derived to represent
the fuzziness of the category. Combining the virtual confusion
matrix and the similarity weight matrix, the fuzzy weighted Kappa is
calculated using the weighted Kappa algorithms. The fuzzy weighted
Kappa is shown to be more flexible than standard methods and gives
results closer to an intuitive assessment of accuracy. Although
calculating the fuzzy weighted Kappa involves a degree of
subjectivity, this poses no major limitations on the usefulness of
the measure. It is therefore proposed as an alternative
classification accuracy measure for the remote sensing and GISc
community.
An Upland Object Based
Modelling of the Vertical Accuracy of the SRTM-1 Elevation Dataset
G. C.
Miliaresis
Department of Geology
University of Patras
Rion26504
Greece
Abstract
The US National Elevation Dataset is used in order to assess the
vertical accuracy of the SRTM-1 DEM in the Humboldt Range (Nevada
State of USA). Firstly, the upland region, in which the error
(elevation difference) is maximised, is
delineated by density slicing of the slope image combined with size
filtering of the segmented objects.
Then major terrain sub-classes are
defined in the uplands region on the basis of both aspect and slope.
Statistics indicate that the error is both geographic direction
dependent (elevation is underestimated towards W, NW and N and
over-estimated towards E, SE and S), and linearly correlated to the
terrain slope (the
steeper the slope,
the greater the
|error|).
Elementary
terrain objects (aspect regions) are defined and parametrically
represented on the basis of their geomorphometry and overall
accuracy. A terrain object classification scheme and subsequent
mapping prove that aspect is the key feature determining the SRTM
accuracy.
Writ on Water: Closing
the Traverse in the Tri‑State Area of New South Wales,
South Australia, and Victoria
M. M. Park
I. P. Williamson
Department of Geomatics
University of Melbourne
Australia
ianpw@unimelb.edu.au
Abstract
The histories of the Victorian-South Australian, the Victorian-New
South Wales and the South Australian-New South Wales borders are
well known and have been the subject of much comment. Except for
passing comment and speculation, the junction of the Victorian,
South Australian and New South Wales borders has not been properly
discussed or subject to analysis. The authors here offer their
resolution of the ‘missing’ borders in the tri-state area of
Victoria, New South Wales
and
South Australia
in the locale of Mildura-Renmark where the three states abut.
Volcano Deformation Monitoring Using GPS
V. Janssen
Centre for Spatial Information Science
School of Geography and Environmental Studies
University of Tasmania
Private Bag 76,
Hobart, Tasmania, 7001
Australia
Volker.Janssen@utas.edu.au
Abstract
Volcanic eruptions are often very destructive events, having a massive
impact on the natural and human environment. In order to mitigate the
effect of volcanic hazards such as pyroclastic flows, lahars and tsunamis
it is necessary to closely monitor volcanoes. Ground surface deformation
is recognised as a reliable indicator of an impending eruption and can
give clues to magmatic processes at depth. This paper gives a brief
overview of the techniques employed for volcano deformation monitoring and
then reviews advances in the use of GPS for this purpose. Recommendations
on the ideal GPS system infrastructure are made.
Studying Landslide Displacements in the Ciloto Area (Indonesia) Using
GPS Surveys
H.Z. Abidin
H. Andreas
M. Gamal
V.Sadarviana
D. Darmawan
Department of Geodetic Engineering
Institute of Technology Bandung
Jl. Ganesha 10
Bandung, 40132
Indonesia
hzabidin@indo.net.id
Surono
M.
Hendrasto
O.
K. Suganda
Directorate of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation
Jl. Diponegoro 57
Bandung
Indonesia
Abstract
The paper presents and discusses results and performance of GPS surveys in
Ciloto, a well known landslide prone area in West Java (Indonesia). Five
GPS surveys involving 17 GPS points have been conducted during the period
2002-2005. The results of the GPS surveys show that the magnitude of land
movements in the study area vary from centimetres to decimetres, depending
on the location and observation seasons. The study also suggests that to
confirm the displacements of the GPS points and to infer the type of
landslide, GPS estimated displacements should be tested and analysed with
different methods.
Special Feature – Coastal GIS
Refereed Papers
The Use of Multi-Temporal
Satellite Images to Estimate Intertidal Reef-Flat Topography
H.
Yamano
Center for Global Environmental Research
National Institute for Environmental Studies
16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506
Japan
UR
CoRéUs
Institut de Recherche pour le Développement
BP
A5 98848 Nouméa Cedex
New Caledonia
hyamano@nies.go.jp
Abstract
Extracting waterlines under various water-level conditions can provide
topographic information on intertidal areas, because the waterlines can be
regarded as contours. This waterline method was applied to two platform
reefs in Australia. Waterlines extracted by Terra ASTER band 3 indicated
emerged parts of the reef flats (a palaeo reef flat, cemented rubble/
pavement, and a high prominent ridge) successfully. Comparisons between
positions of waterlines extracted and topographic profiles by Kench and
Brander (2006) showed the horizontal errors of the positions were similar
to those estimated previously. The results suggest the general
applicability of the waterline method to coral reef environments.
The Application of Automated Segmentation Methods and Fragmentation
Statistics to Characterise Rocky Reef Habitat
V. L. Lucieer
Marine Research Laboratories
University of Tasmania
PO Box 49, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001
Australia
v_halley@utas.edu.au
Abstract
The techniques presented in this study remove the qualitative
assessment of rocky reef patch identification by applying robust
methods for automated reef delineation from sidescan sonar records
using a segmentation algorithm. Object texture, shape and size are
investigated to discriminate reef from sand habitat. These results
are applied to spatially explicit fragmentation statistics to
examine the role of scale and habitat arrangement in determining
habitat distribution patterns on the east coast of Tasmania.
Marine Benthic Habitat Mapping Using Multibeam Data, Georeferenced
Video and Image Classification Techniques in
Victoria,
Australia.
D. Ierodiaconou
L. Laurenson
School of Life and Environmental Sciences
Deakin University
Warrnambool, Victoria, 3280
Australia
daniel.ierodiaconou@deakin.edu.au
S. Burq
M. Reston
Victorian Partnership for Advanced Computing
Carlton South, Victoria, 3053
Australia
Abstract
This paper contributes to a better understanding of geophysical
characteristics and benthic communities in the Hopkins site in
Victoria, Australia. An automated decision tree classification
system was used to classify substrata and dominant biota
communities. Geophysical sampling and underwater video data
collected in this study reveals a complex bathymetry and biological
structure which complements the limited information of benthic
marine ecosystems in coastal waters of Victoria. The technique of
combining derivative products from the backscatter and the
bathymetry datasets was found to improve separability for broad
biota and substrata categories over the use of either of these
datasets alone.
Rapid
Monitoring of Extent And Condition of Seagrass Habitats
With Aerial Photography “Mega-Quadrats”
R.E. Mount
Centre for Spatial Information Science (CenSIS)
School of Geography and Environmental Studies
University of Tasmania
Private Bag 76, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001
Australia
Richard.Mount@utas.edu.au
Abstract
Monitoring seagrass
habitats is required by many agencies and jurisdictions including
Natural Resource Management (NRM) regions in Australia. Baseline
mapping of seagrass habitats is proceeding in
Tasmania,
Australia and the next stage will be to conduct regular monitoring
of extent and condition. This paper presents a summary of the
results of recent research that addressed outstanding issues in
reliable measurement of seagrass condition with optical remote
sensing. The results enable the proposal of a new monitoring
methodology based on sampling habitats with “mega-quadrats” (around
200 m x 200 m) extracted from “low tech” imagery and present a
prototype image visualisation comparison matrix (IVCM).
Special Feature – Coastal GIS
Professional Papers
K. D.
Smith
HSA Systems Limited
16 Nicolaus Street
Upper Hutt
New Zealand
G. J. Cox
Discovery Marine Limited
PO Box 4048
Mount Maunganui
Bay of Plenty
New Zealand
discoverymarine@xtra.co.nz
Abstract
In
July 2004 HSA Systems Ltd (HSA) commenced
an eighteen month project for Land Information New Zealand (LINZ) to
assess and assign Zones of Confidence (ZOCs) to all hydrographic
surveys incorporated within 138 hydrographic charts of
New Zealand. The project required each hydrographic survey to be
assessed in relation to the data quality aspects of the
International Hydrographic Organisation (IHO) S-57 Standard (IHO,
2000). This paper will describe the process by which HSA assessed in
excess
of
1,792 hydrographic survey fair sheets and
allocated 1,465 ZOCs to survey
areas.
Visualising Coastal Seabed Characteristics: Using Vrml Models to
Present Three Dimensional Spatial Data Via The Web
J. Coffey
D. J. Beard
D. A. Ryan
Geoscience Australia
GPO Box 378, Canberra, ACT 2601
Australia
David.Beard@ga.gov.au
Abstract
Geoscience Australia
has produced free Web-viewable 3D models of coastal data for sharing
data and information with project partners and coastal zone
stakeholders. The models integrate a range of spatial data
(including DEMs, multibeam bathymetry, sediment samples, benthic
habitats and satellite imagery) within an easy to use interface. The
models use the open source and ISO standard Virtual Reality
Modelling Language (VRML) file format. The model described in this
paper is for the Keppel Bay and Fitzroy River area in Queensland,
Australia. These 3D VRML models are a good method for integrating
coastal data, for better interpretation, and are easily transferred
to end users via the Web.
Professional Papers
Strategic Planner
Strategic Planning and City Infrastructure Section
Gold Coast City Council Qld
Australia
clau@goldcoast.qld.gov.au
R. Whitlow
TriMap Pty Ltd
10 Dewar Court
Highland Park Qld
Australia
Towards a Spatial Data Infrastructure for Somalia using Open Source
standards
C. von Hagen
Food and Agriculture
Organisation
of the United Nations (FAO)
Somalia Water and Land Information Management Project (SWALIM)
PO Box 30470, Nairobi, 00100
Kenya
craigvonhagen@yahoo.co.uk
Abstract
SDI is a well known concept in Africa. Many countries are on the way
to having a formal SDI strategy. Certain countries, such as Somalia,
are starting the process of nation building after years of war.
These countries stand to leapfrog other African countries by
implementing current SDI best practices. The FAO-SWALIM project is
in the unique position to be able to assist Somali authorities in
providing some of the building blocks for SDI development, even
though SWALIM does not have the legal mandate to do so. This paper
highlights what SWALIM can currently contribute and what significant
work (and resources) are still required for a Somalia National SDI.
Deriving Multi-Scale GEODATA from
TOPO-250K Road Network Data
S. Kazemi
Geographic Information Science Center
College of Environmental Design, Architecture, City and Regional
Planning
University of California Berkeley, CA 94720-1820
USA
sharon_kazemi@hotmail.com
S. Lim
School of
Surveying
and Spatial Information Systems
The
University of
New South Wales,
Sydney,
New South Wales, 2052
Australia
s.lim@unsw.edu.au
Abstract
This paper presents a generalization methodology to derive
multi-scale GEODATA through an evaluation of ESRI ArcGISÔ
software that was used as a testbed based on the principles of
generalization. It focuses on integration and utilization of
generalization operators in order to generalize a road network
database and produce small scale maps at 1:500 000 and 1:1 000 000
from GEODATA TOPO-250K
Series 2 data. The
derived maps are satisfactory when compared with the existing
small-scale road maps such as the Global Map at scale of 1:1000 000.
It is suggested that a comprehensive evaluation of
generalization systems and their performance is essential to marry
the cartographic knowledge from experts and bring this into a
generalization framework. Therefore, there is an opportunity to
evaluate other generalization systems to derive a multi-scale
database from a master database in future investigations to enhance
the generalization methodology.
An Investigation into the Displacement of Permanent Survey Marks in
the Hillcrest Area Resulting from Reactive Soils
M. Filmer
University of South Australia
GPO Box 2471
Adelaide, South Australia,
5001
Australia
(now at Steed & Pohl Licensed Surveyors)
mfilmer@steedandpohl.com.au
G. Sandford
Supervising Surveyor
Geodetic Services Section
Land Services Group
Department for Administration and Information Services
GPO Box 1354, Adelaide, South Australia,
5001
Australia
sandford.geoff@saugov.sa.gov.au
Abstract
Reactive soils in the Adelaide suburb of Hillcrest (South
Australia)
have resulted in concrete Permanent Survey Marks (PSMs) being
horizontally displaced. This has been identified by different
surveys over the past 50 years showing differences in relative
measurement between PSMs. It has been assumed that this movement
relates directly to the seasonal wetting and drying of reactive
soils found in the area. A monitoring project was established, which
found that minimal movement occurred within the 10 month study
period. The results suggest that any substantial horizontal
displacement previously identified is a gradual movement occurring
over a number of years rather than seasonally.
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